The Occurrence of Salmonella in Airline Meals

The occurrence of Salmonella in airline meals was studied in 1989-1992. Samples were collected from flight kitchens in 29 countries. The material consisted of 400 cold dishes and 1,288 hot dishes as well as salads, cheese plates and desserts. Total number of samples was 2211. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 6 samples; 1 contaminated sample was a cold dish prepared in Bangkok, 1 was a hot dish prepared in Mombasa and the remaining 4 contaminated samples were hot dishes prepared within one week in Beijing. The isolated serotypes were S. ohio, S. manchester and S. braenderup. The contaminated cold dish prepared by a flight kitchen in Bangkok was found to be connected with a Salmonella outbreak which occurred in Finland in 1990. Cold airline dishes containing food of animal origin seems to be more risky as a source of Salmonella infections among airline passengers.     

Preliminary investigations into factors that affect plasma aldosterone concentrations in horses

The effect of feeding diets with low, adequate and high sodium contents on plasma aldosterone concentrations in horses and ponies was evaluated using human immunoassay kits. The effect of moderate to high intensity exercise of up to six minutes duration on plasma aldosterone concentrations in three thoroughbred- horses was also investigated. On an adequate sodium diet plasma aldosterone concentrations increased to a peak around four hours after feeding. Little daily variation was found in the pre-feeding aldosterone concentrations over three days. Feeding additional salt resulted initially in no increase in plasma aldosterone concentrations in three out of four animals. After five days all four animals had lower pre-feeding concentrations, an increase in the magnitude of the response to feeding but a decreased rise in absolute concentration. Feeding a diet with a decreased sodium content for several months did not result in a consistent change in the pre-feeding aldosterone concentrations although there were times when all three animals showed an increase in the magnitude of the aldosterone response to feeding. No correlation between changes in the fractional electrolyte excretion values determined and alterations in aldosterone response was found. Exercise resulted in a marked increase in aldosterone concentrations. The expected biological response to feeding and exercise was demonstrated with an acceptable level of reproducibility and repeatability. Samples had similar values when assayed by either of the kits evaluated.     

Thrombocytopenia in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 41 Cases

The prevalence of feline thrombocytopenia (<200,000 platelets/L) at North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, from January 1985 to March 1990, was 1.2% (41/3300). Cats were divided into six categories based on clinical diagnoses: 29% (12/41) had infectious disease, 20% (8/41) had neoplasia, 7% (3/41) had cardiac disease, 2% (1/41) had primary immune-mediated disease, 22% (9/41) had multiple diseases, and 20% (8/41) had disorders of unknown etiology. The mean platelet count for all thrombocytopenic cats was 52,000/μL ± 46,000/μL (1 SD) with a range of 1000–190,000/μL. No significant differences were found between groups with respect to platelet count, packed cell volume, or white blood cell count, though anemia and leukopenia were common among the cats as a whole. Bleeding disorders (hemorrhage or thrombosis) were observed in 29% (12/41) of thrombocytopenic cats and were more likely to be associated with neoplasia, cardiac disease, and platelet counts less than or equal to 30,000/μL. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was diagnosed in 12% (5/41) of the cats. Infections and/or neoplasia affecting the bone marrow were the most common diseases associated with thrombocytopenia. Feline leukemia virus and myeloproliferative neoplasia accounted for approximately 44% (18/41) of the specific diagnoses in thrombocytopenic cats. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1993; 7:261–265. Copyright © 1993 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)     

Multiresidue assay for benzimidazole anthelmintics by liquid chromatography and confirmation by gas chromatography/selected-ion monitoring electron impact mass spectrometry

A multiresidue method utilizing all-disposable labware has been developed for 8 benzimidazole anthelmintics from ovine, bovine, and swine muscle and liver tissues. After an initial extraction with ethyl acetate and subsequent evaporation, a 3-component extraction using hexane, ethanol, and 0.2N HCl was used for final cleanup. Clean extracts were produced for separation and determination by reverse-phase liquid chromatography at 298 nm, using methanol and aqueous buffer as mobile phase. A synthesized internal standard, 2-(n-butylmercapto)benzimidazole, was used for quantitation of all drugs. Results are included along with statistical information verifying the performance of the method. Spiked control tissues and incurred drug tissues were used for an intralaboratory study with a concentration range of 50-1470 ppb. A series of standard curves at 0, 50, 100, and 200 ppb were analyzed. Overall recovery at the 100 ppb level averaged 92% (CV 8%) in liver tissues, across all 3 species and 88% (CV 5%) in muscle tissues across all 3 species. Results were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with acid hydrolysis of the remaining extract in 2N HCl followed by re-extraction of the amine and derivatization to the tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivative. The anthelmintics were identified by gas chromatography/selected ion monitoring electron-impact mass spectrometry. Ion ratio measurements were taken and compared to standard material. CVs averaged 10% or less for all drugs tested.     

Wetland effects on lake water quality in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area

A method developed to evaluate the cumulative effect of wetland mosaics on water quality was applied to 33 lake watersheds in the seven-county region surrounding Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to record and measure landscape variables derived from aerial photos. Twenty-seven watershed land-use and land-cover variables were reduced to eight principal components which described 85% of the variance among watersheds. Relationships between lake water quality variables and the first six principal components plus an index of lake mixis were analyzed through stepwise multiple regression analysis. A combination of three landscape components (wetland/watershed area, agriculture/wetlands, and forest/soils components) explained 49% of the variance in a trophic state index, even though most of the lakes examined were already highly eutrophic, and thus were influenced by internal loading. The regression equations explained a range of 14 to 76% of the variation in individual water quality variables. Forested land-use was associated with lower lake trophic state, chloride, and lead. High lake trophic state was associated with agricultural land-use and with wetland distance from the lake of interest. The extent of wetlands was associated with low total lead and high color in lakes downstream. Wet meadows or herbaceous, seasonally-flooded wetlands contributed more to lake water color than did cattail marshes.     

The current status of avian ophthalmology]

Ocular diseases in birds are very rarely investigated. Increased keeping of often very expensive caged birds makes it necessary for veterinarians in practice to deal with the problems of ornithoophthalmology. Fundamental physiological and anatomic differences between the mammalian and the avian eye, interspecies variables and general problems in handling do not allow a simple transfer of knowledge of mammal ophthalmology to birds. Therefore, it is necessary to find differentiated, species-orientated solutions in investigation as well as suitable treatments of ocular diseases in birds. An update on ornithoophthalmology is given.     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

Genetic control of wood colour, density and heartwood ellagitannin concentration in European oak (Quercus petraea and Q. robur)

Pressler cores of young clones of Quercus petraea and Q. roburwere analysed from two sites in Germany. Variation of wood colour(defined by the CIELAB system), density and heartwood ellagitanninswas examined between clones, species and sites. Similar studieswere made of cores from another trial of 20 half-sib familiesof parent trees deriving from five German forests. The resultsfrom both the clonal and progeny trials indicate that heartwoodellagitannin content and wood density are under strong geneticcontrol, while sapwood and heartwood colour are less so. A largeproportion of between-clone variation in wood density and ellagitanninlevels occurred between the two species, while these propertiesvaried little among ramets of the same clone grown on two contrastingsites, despite a difference in growth rates. A large proportionof the total variation among progeny was attributed to forestorigins and could not be attributed clearly to either geneticor environmental causes because of limitations of the samplingdesign     

Hyperplastic canker – a perennial disease of almond caused by Pseudomonas amygdali

The history of hyperplastic canker of almond, caused by Pseudomonas amygdali , its evolution and the present situation in Greece are reviewed. Its main aspects, causal agent, symptomatology, epidemiology and control measures are described. The main characteristics differentiating the pathogen from some other pseudomonads pathogenic to fruit trees are also reported.